{"id":14090,"date":"2025-12-15T20:21:30","date_gmt":"2025-12-15T12:51:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abtvn.com\/?p=14090"},"modified":"2026-02-06T17:32:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-06T10:02:24","slug":"kinh-hien-vi-ky-thuat-so-trong-te-bao-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abtvn.com\/en\/kinh-hien-vi-ky-thuat-so-trong-te-bao-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi quang h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn h\u1eb9p, kh\u00f3 chia s\u1ebb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea9n hay \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. Theo Khalbuss c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2011), s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, t\u1eeb camera g\u1eafn tr\u00ean k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lam (Whole Slide Imaging, WSI) \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi, gi\u00fap xem, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"H\u00ecnh
Figure 1.<\/strong> C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh.
Ngu\u1ed3n: Pantanowitz c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1., (2013).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc,<\/a> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau: t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn qua k\u00ednh \u0111a \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ed9i dung cho c\u00e1c trang th\u00f4ng tin chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3m tra n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb xa v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea9n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc. Khi chuy\u00ean gia ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u00fang ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n lam k\u00ednh hay di chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1c s\u0129, th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 (digital microscope)<\/strong> l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn thu \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1edf d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1 thay v\u00ec quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qua th\u1ecb k\u00ednh. \u1ea2nh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1eabu v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pixels, cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c x\u1eed l\u00fd, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Gonzalez & Woods, m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0m hai chi\u1ec1u f(x, y), trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb f t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m (x, y) bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ee9c x\u00e1m\/\u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng (intensity) c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. Khi x, y v\u00e0 intensity \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 digital image, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u1ea3nh (pixels) c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (Gonzalez & Woods, 3rd ed., Ch.1, p.2\u20133).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n